Indonesia's journey toward Universal Health Coverage (UHC) continues to show commendable progress. By 2024, the National Health Insurance (JKN) achieved impressive results, with coverage exceeding 98% of the population. However, this administrative achievement requires a thorough evaluation of the effectiveness of financial protection and the quality of services on the ground.
This report was designed to provide an evidence-based evaluation of the national healthcare system. We found that despite the high participation rates, particularly on the demand side, structural challenges remain in terms of infrastructure availability, medical personnel, and equitable service delivery on the supply side, which need to be addressed, particularly given the disparity in facilities between Java and other regions. As an update to previous studies, this report presents several novel approaches. First, we use the post-pandemic data landscape (Susenas 2024 and Indonesian Health Statistics 2023) to capture the real-world conditions.
health system.
Second, we implemented a financial protection measure by adopting the 40% expenditure threshold and the 2021 Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) poverty line from the World Bank to more accurately map the community's economic vulnerability. Third, this report includes non-medical costs for referred patients, such as transportation and accompanying accommodation (shelters), which are often the main drivers of household financial burden. Fourth, we linked the quantitative findings with policy dynamics from 2018–2024 to provide recommendations aligned with the national health system transformation.