Jakarta, The PRAKARSA - The Indonesian government finally sent the documents Second Nationally Determined Contribution (SNDC) to the UNFCCC on October 27, 2025. This SNDC document no longer uses the CM1 and CM2 scenarios like the previous ENDC, but with the Low Carbon Compatible with Paris Agreement (LCCP), consists of LCCP-L and LCCP-H. The target also shifts from a percentage-based target to an absolute level of GHG emissions in 2035 with a reference year of 2019. There are three scenarios used in the emission projections, namely CPOS (Current Policy Scenario) or CM1 from ENDC, and LCCP which is in line with the 1,5°C target of the Paris Agreement. The two scenarios LCCP_L and LCCP_H project absolute emission levels that are 8 and 17,5% lower, respectively, than the CM2 scenario ENDC.
Although the government asserts that the SNDC demonstrates Indonesia's seriousness and commitment to controlling global climate change, conditions on the ground suggest otherwise. Researchers at The PRAKARSA, Yuanda Pangi Harahap, assessed that the preparation of the SNDC document had experienced a setback in commitment "For example, the target for the new and renewable energy (EBT) mix has been reduced to 17-19% by 2025, down from the previous target of 23% by 2025. This is despite the fact that the energy sector is the largest contributor to emissions (55%). This clearly contradicts the projections of the LCCP scenario, which targets a lower absolute emission level than the CM2 ENDC scenario.
Yuanda added that the preparation of this document also lacked participation from civil society organizations. "Public participation in the consultation forum was limited to receiving a briefing on the document, without the opportunity to provide substantial input due to the limited time before submission to the UNFCCC. This undermines the ambition and concrete implementation of commitments to an inclusive and transparent climate."
On the other hand, Yuanda highlighted the good governance contained in the SNDC document as well as its implementation. first previous NDC. “Since Indonesia's initial commitment in 2016 through the first NDC, the Updated NDC 2021, and the Enhanced NDC 2022, the distribution of emission reduction targets to regional governments has not been well internalized, even though regional governments play a crucial role in the operationalization of industry, the waste management sector, and the transportation sector under their authority."
In line with this, Yuanda stated that the current monitoring and evaluation system creates confusion because it is not integrated. He explained, ""Currently, local government emissions reporting is done through the SIGN-SMART platform managed by the Ministry of Environment and Forestry (KLHK), while Bappenas also has the AKSARA platform, which not only contains emissions data but also Regional Action Plans. Unfortunately, the data displayed on both platforms is not yet aligned, leading to public confusion in seeking accurate and reliable information."
Commitments to reducing emissions require funding. The Ministry of Environment and Forestry projects funding needs of Rp 4.520 trillion for the 2018–2030 period and Rp 7.551 trillion for the 2031–2035 period. Sustainable Finance The PRAKARSADwi Rahayu Ningrum emphasized that the mobilization of financing from the private sector also needs to be increased to support climate action.The potential for private financing is enormous if directed toward green sectors focused on decarbonization, energy efficiency, and low-carbon development. Through the implementation of sustainable finance through green bonds, transition finance, and blended finance, the financial sector can be a crucial driver in realizing a just transition and strengthening Indonesia's green economy."
Dwi also added the importance of optimizing the use of available funds so that the NDC document does not end up just as a planning document."In addition to monitoring emissions reduction progress, we also need to evaluate the effectiveness of the funding we have accessed. For example, through the BPDLH, the institution that manages and distributes funds for environmental and climate financing in Indonesia, both from within and outside the country." A transparent, accountable approach and strict oversight of implementation are essential to ensure effective utilization of funds and to open up opportunities for accessing other funding to support national climate targets.
a send documents Second Nationally Determined Contribution (SNDC) to the UNFCCC on October 27, 2025. This SNDC document no longer uses the CM1 and CM2 scenarios like the previous ENDC, but with the Low Carbon Compatible with Paris Agreement (LCCP), consists of LCCP-L and LCCP-H. The target also shifts from a percentage-based target to an absolute level of GHG emissions in 2035 with a reference year of 2019. There are three scenarios used in the emission projections, namely CPOS (Current Policy Scenario) or CM1 from ENDC, and LCCP which is in line with the 1,5°C target of the Paris Agreement. The two scenarios LCCP_L and LCCP_H project absolute emission levels that are 8 and 17,5% lower, respectively, than the CM2 scenario ENDC.
Although the government asserts that the SNDC demonstrates Indonesia's seriousness and commitment to controlling global climate change, conditions on the ground suggest otherwise. Researchers at The PRAKARSA, Yuanda Pangi Harahap, assessed that the preparation of the SNDC document had experienced a setback in commitment "For example, the target for the new and renewable energy (EBT) mix has been reduced to 17-19% by 2025, down from the previous target of 23% by 2025. This is despite the fact that the energy sector is the largest contributor to emissions (55%). This clearly contradicts the projections of the LCCP scenario, which targets a lower absolute emission level than the CM2 ENDC scenario.
Yuanda added that the preparation of this document also lacked participation from civil society organizations. "Public participation in the consultation forum was limited to receiving a briefing on the document, without the opportunity to provide substantial input due to the limited time before submission to the UNFCCC. This undermines the ambition and concrete implementation of commitments to an inclusive and transparent climate."
On the other hand, Yuanda highlighted the good governance contained in the SNDC document as well as its implementation. first previous NDC. “Since Indonesia's initial commitment in 2016 through the first NDC, the Updated NDC 2021, and the Enhanced NDC 2022, the distribution of emission reduction targets to regional governments has not been well internalized, even though regional governments play a crucial role in the operationalization of industry, the waste management sector, and the transportation sector under their authority."
In line with this, Yuanda stated that the current monitoring and evaluation system creates confusion because it is not integrated. He explained, ""Currently, local government emissions reporting is done through the SIGN-SMART platform managed by the Ministry of Environment and Forestry (KLHK), while Bappenas also has the AKSARA platform, which not only contains emissions data but also Regional Action Plans. Unfortunately, the data displayed on both platforms is not yet aligned, leading to public confusion in seeking accurate and reliable information."
Commitments to reducing emissions require funding. The Ministry of Environment and Forestry projects funding needs of Rp 4.520 trillion for the 2018–2030 period and Rp 7.551 trillion for the 2031–2035 period. Sustainable Finance The PRAKARSADwi Rahayu Ningrum emphasized that the mobilization of financing from the private sector also needs to be increased to support climate action.The potential for private financing is enormous if directed toward green sectors focused on decarbonization, energy efficiency, and low-carbon development. Through the implementation of sustainable finance through green bonds, transition finance, and blended finance, the financial sector can be a crucial driver in realizing a just transition and strengthening Indonesia's green economy."
Dwi also added the importance of optimizing the use of available funds so that the NDC document does not end up just as a planning document."In addition to monitoring emissions reduction progress, we also need to evaluate the effectiveness of the funding we have accessed. For example, through the BPDLH, the institution that manages and distributes funds for environmental and climate financing in Indonesia, both from within and outside the country." A transparent, accountable approach and strict oversight of implementation are essential to ensure effective utilization of funds and to open up opportunities for accessing other funding to support national climate targets.