The transition to a green economy is projected to significantly alter Indonesia's workforce structure. Bappenas estimates that 56 million jobs will need to have their competencies greened by 2025, increasing to 72 million by 2029. However, readiness for implementation still faces various challenges, ranging from the dominance of conventional training at Vocational Training Centers, the lack of integration of sustainability aspects into the National Competency Standards (SKKNI), limited training budget coverage, and the lack of a legal definition of green jobs that applies across ministries.
This study analyzes reskilling and upskilling practices in the food and beverage, textile, and electric vehicle sectors in the European Union, Albania, India, the Philippines, Bangladesh, Thailand, and South Africa. The results show that regulations and market pressures can drive innovation, but their effectiveness depends on the readiness of the institutional ecosystem. The European Union, Bangladesh, and India (textile sector) successfully demonstrated innovation driven by regulations and global supply chain demands, while in Thailand, Albania, and India's electric vehicle sector, the impact of innovation remains limited because structural prerequisites have not been fully met.